Get this course ($10.00)

Grades 10-13

CAPE Chemistry


Description

$10 Per Month 

Content
  • Discuss the process of theoretical change with respect to Dalton's atomic theory
  • Describe the structure of the atom
  • Define the following terms: (a) mass number
  • Explain the phenomenon of radioactivity
  • Cte the use of radioisotopes
  • Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element, given isotopic masses and abu
  • Explain how data from emission spectra provide evidence for discrete energy lev
  • Describe the atomic orbitals
  • Describe the shapes of the s and p orbitals
  • Determine the electronic configurations of atoms and ions in terms of s, p and
  • State the factors which influence the first ionisation energy of elements
  • Explain how ionisation energy data provide evidence for sub-shells
  • Derive the electronic configuration of an element from data on successive ionis
  • State the various forces of attraction between particles
  • State the relationship between forces of attraction and states of matter
  • Relate physical properties of matter to differences in strength of forces of at
  • Explain the formation of the following: (a) ionic bonds
  • Describe co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
  • Describe the origin of intermolecular forces
  • Predict the shapes of, and bond angles in simple molecules and ions
  • Explain the shapes and bond angles of simple organic compounds
  • Predict the shapes and bond angles of molecules similar to ethane
  • Describe qualitatively the lattice structure of crystalline solids and their re
  • Apply Avogadro's law
  • Define the mole
  • Define the term 'molar mass'
  • Write balanced molecular and ionic equations
  • Perform calculations based on the mole concept
  • Apply the mole concept to molecular and ionic equations
  • Calculate empirical and molecular formulae
  • Perform titrimetric analyses
  • Use results from titrimetric analyses to calculate: (a) mole ratios
  • explain redox reactions in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation
  • construct relevant half equations for redox reactions
  • deduce balanced equations for redox reactions from relevant half equations
  • order elements in terms of oxidising or reducing ability
  • State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory with reference to an ideal ga
  • Explain the differences between real and ideal gases
  • Perform calculations using: (a) Boyle's law
  • Explain the following: (a) the liquid state
  • State that chemical reactions take place through energy changes (usually in the
  • State that energy changes occur in chemical reactions associated with the makin
  • Explain the differences between exothermic and endothermic reactions using ener
  • Explain the term 'bond energy'
  • Explain how bond energy data may be used to show the relationship between stren
  • Apply concepts associated with enthalpy changes
  • Explain the effect of ionic charge and radius on the magnitude of lattice energ
  • Calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental data
  • Calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental data
  • Design suitable experiments for studying the factors which affect rates of reac
  • Construct rate equations of the form: Rate = k [A]n [B]m limited to simple case
  • Deduce the order of reaction from appropriate data
  • interpret concentration against time and concentration against rate for zero an
  • Perform calculations from rate data
  • Perform simple calculations using half-life data
  • explain the effect of temperature and catalysts on the rate of the reaction usi
  • Explain the concept of dynamic equilibrium
  • State the characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium
  • Define the terms Kc and Kp
  • Perform calculations involving equilibrium constants in terms of concentration,
  • State Le Chatelier's principle
  • Apply Le Chatelier's principle to explain the effects of changes in temperature
  • Interpret how changes in concentration, pressure, temperature or the presence o
  • Explain the differences in behaviour of strong and weak acids and bases, using B
  • Define the terms Ka , pH, pKa , and pKb , Kw and pKw
  • Perform calculations involving pH, pOH, Ka, pKa Kw and pKw, Kb and pKb
  • Describe the changes in pH during acid/base titrations
  • Explain what is meant by the pH range of indicator
  • State the basis for the selection of acid/base indicator for use in titrations
  • Define the term 'buffer solution'
  • Explain how buffer solutions control pH
  • Calculate the pH of buffer solutions from appropriate data
  • Discuss the importance of buffers in biological systems and in industrial proces
  • Define the term solubility product, Ksp
  • Explain the principles underlying solubility product and the common ion effect
  • Perform calculations involving solubility product
  • Relate the solubility product principle to the selective precipitation of substa
  • Define the terms standard electrode potential and standard cell potential
  • Describe the standard hydrogen electrode
  • Describe methods used to measure the standard electrode potentials
  • Calculate standard cell potentials from standard electrode potentials of two hal
  • Use standard electrode potentials of cells
  • Predict how the value of an electrode potential varies with concentration
  • Apply the principles of redox processes to energy storage devices
  • Explain the variations in physical properties of the elements in terms of struct
  • Describe the reactions of the elements with oxygen, chlorine and water
  • Explain the variation in oxidation number of the oxides and chlorides
  • Describe the reactions of the oxides and chlorides with water
  • Explain the trend in the acid/base behaviour of the oxides and hydroxides
  • Predict the types of chemical bonding present in the chlorides and oxides
  • Discuss the uses of some of the compounds of aluminium and phosphorous
  • Explain the variations in properties of the elements in terms of structure and b
  • Describe the reactions of the elements with oxygen, water, and dilute acids
  • Explain the variation in the solubility of the sulfates
  • Explain the variation in the thermal decomposition of the carbonates and nitrate
  • Discuss the uses of some of the compounds of magnesium and calcium
  • Explain the variations in physical properties of the elements in terms of struct
  • Describe the bonding of the tetrachlorides
  • Explain the reactions of the tetrachlorides with water
  • Discuss the trends in: (a) bonding
  • Discuss the relative stabilities of the oxides and aqueous cations of the elemen
  • Discuss the uses of ceramics based on silicon (IV) oxide
  • Explain the variations in physical properties of the elements in terms of struct
  • Explain the relative reactivities of the elements as oxidising agents
  • Describe the reactions of the elements with hydrogen
  • Explain the relative thermal stabilities of the hydrides
  • Describe the reactions of the halide ions with: (a) aqueous solution of AgNO fol
  • Describe the reactions of chlorine with cold and hot aqueous solution of sodium
  • Define the term transition element
  • Describe the characteristics of transition elements
  • Discuss qualitatively the properties of transition elements when compared to tho
  • Determine the electronic configuration of the first row transition elements and
  • Explain the relatively small changes in atomic radii, ionic radii, and ionisatio
  • Explain the formation of coloured ions by transition elements
  • Describe the variation in oxidation states of vanadium
  • Predict the shapes of complexes of transition elements
  • Discuss the use of: Fe+ (aq)/Fe+(aq), MnO(aq)/Mn+ (aq), and CrO - (aq)/Cr+ (aq)
  • Explain the principle of ligand exchange
  • Identify cations: K+ , Na+ , Ca+, Ba+, Cu+ by their flame tests
  • Identify cations Mg+ (aq), Al+ (aq), Ca+ (aq), Cr+ (aq), Mn+ (aq), Fe+ (aq), Fe+
  • Explain the principles upon which the reactions in Specific Objective are based
  • Write ionic equations for the reactions in Specific Objective
  • Identify anions: CO - , NO -, SO - , SO - (aq), Cl- , Br- , l-b , CrO
  • Write ionic equations for the reactions in Specific Objective
  • Explain the occurrence of carbon compounds with straight chains, branched chains
  • Explain the meaning of the term 'homologous series'
  • Distinguish among empirical, molecular, and structural formulae
  • Determine formulae from experimental data
  • Structure and Formulae Section Write structural formulae
  • Apply the IUPAC rules to named organic compounds
  • Define, structural isomerism
  • Explain stereoisomerism
  • Determine the possible isomers from given molecular formulae
  • Identify homologous series of organic/carbon compounds
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of alkanes
  • Explain the steps involved in the mechanism of free radical substitution
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of alkenes
  • Explain the steps involved in the mechanism of selected chemical reactions of al
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of alcohols
  • Describe selected reactions of halogenoalkanes
  • Explain the steps involved in the mechanism of selected reactions of halogenoalk
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of carbonyl compounds
  • Explain the steps involved in mechanisms of selected chemical reactions of carbo
  • Describe selected chemical reaction of carboxylic acids (R-COOH)
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of esters
  • Perform suitable laboratory tests for functional groups in carbon compounds refe
  • Describe the chemical reaction of primary amines (RNH ) with dilute acid
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of benzene methylbenzene and nitrobenzene
  • Explain the steps involved in the mechanism of selected chemical reactions of be
  • Describe selected chemical reactions of phenol
  • Describe the formation of an azo compound
  • State uses of azo compounds
  • Explain the difference in acidity of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids
  • Explain differences in basic character of aliphatic amines, amides, and aromatic
  • Explain the acid-base properties of amino acids
  • Describe the characteristics of addition polymerisation
  • Describe the characteristics of condensation polymerisation
  • Predict types of polymer formed from given monomers
  • Deduce the repeat unit of a polymer
  • Identify proteins as naturally occurring macromolecules
  • Identify carbohydrates as naturally occurring macromolecules
  • Illustrate the connection between carbohydrates and their monomers
  • Apply appropriate concepts to the analysis of scientific data
  • Carry out experiments to assess the degree of uncertainty in measurements associ
  • Select appropriate pieces of equipment to make measurements, depending upon the
  • Explain the basic principles upon which titrimetric analyses are based
  • Discuss the criteria used in selecting primary standards
  • Use data obtained from potentiometric, thermometric, and conductrometric methods
  • Perform experiments based on titrimetric analyses
  • Perform calculations based on data obtained from titrimetric analyses
  • Cite examples of the use of titrimetric analysis in the quantification of variou
  • Explain the principles upon which gravimetric analyses are based
  • Describe the functions of the various pieces of basic equipment used in gravimet
  • Perform experiments based on gravimetric determinations
  • Perform calculations based on data obtained from gravimetric analyses
  • Cite examples of the use of gravimetric analysis in quality control
  • Explain the nature of electromagnetic radiation
  • State the approximate wavelength ranges of the X-ray, UV/VIS, IR and radiofreque
  • Recall that the energy levels in atoms and molecules are quantised
  • Explain the origin of absorption in UV/VIS spectroscopy
  • Explain why some species will absorb light in the UV/VIS region whereas others w
  • Describe the basic steps involved in analysing samples by UV/VIS spectroscopy
  • Use Beer-Lambert's Law to calculate the concentration of a given species in solu
  • List examples of the use of UV/VIS spectroscopy in the quantitation of substance
  • Explain the origin of absorption in IR spectroscopy
  • Describe the basic steps involved in analysing samples by IR spectroscopy
  • Comment on the limitations associated with the use of IR spectroscopy
  • Deduce the functional groups present in organic compounds from IR spectra
  • Cite examples of the use of IR spectroscopy in the monitoring of air pollutants
  • Explain the basic principles of mass spectrometry
  • Explain the significance of the (M+) peak in mass spectra
  • Use mass spectral data to: (a) determine relative isotopic masses
  • Explain the theoretical principles upon which chromatographic methods are based
  • Explain the terms: retention factor (Rf) and retention time (tR)
  • Describe the basic steps involved in separating and quantifying the components o
  • Name examples of commonly used stationary phases
  • Separate the components of mixtures
  • Cite the wide applications of chromatographic methods of separation
  • Discuss the chemical principles upon which simple distillation and fractional di
  • Discuss the advantages of carrying out distillation processes under reduced pres
  • Discuss the chemical principles and use of steam distillation
  • Discuss the principles upon which solvent extraction is based
  • Select appropriate methods of separation, given the physical and chemical proper
  • Perform distillation experiments
  • Cite examples of the applications of the distillation methods used in various in
  • Discuss factors which influence the location of an industrial plant
  • Discuss general safety requirements for industry
  • Assess the processes of select industries using Green Chemistry principles
  • Describe the processes involved in the production of aluminium from its ores
  • Explain the uses of aluminium in relation to its physical and chemical propertie
  • Assess the impact of the aluminium industry on the environment
  • Explain the method used in the separation of the components of crude oil
  • Discuss the uses of the components of crude oil as fuels and as raw materials fo
  • Assess the impact of the petroleum industry on the environment
  • Outline the steps in the manufacture of ammonia from its elements, by the Haber
  • Discuss the uses of ammonia
  • Assess the impact of the ammonia industry on the environment
  • Explain the process of fermentation and distillation in the manufacture of alcoh
  • Discuss the uses of ethanol
  • Discuss the social and economic impact of ethanol production and consumption
  • Assess the impact of the ethanol industry on the environment
  • Describe the chemical processes involved in the electrolysis of brine using the
  • Discuss the economic advantages of chlorine production by the diaphragm cell met
  • Discuss the industrial importance of the halogens and their compounds
  • Assess the impact of the chlor-alkali industry on the environment
  • Describe the Contact process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid
  • Discuss the industrial importance of compounds of sulfur
  • Assess the impact of the sulfuric acid industry
  • Describe the importance of the water cycle
  • Discuss methods of water purification
  • Discuss the importance of dissolved oxygen to aquatic life
  • Discuss the sources of water pollution
  • erform experiments to test for some pollutants specified in Specific Objective
  • Assess the impact of the pollutants in Specific Objective and Specific Objectiv
  • Explain how the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere is maintained
  • Discuss the environmental significance of CFCs in the ozone layer
  • Discuss the effects of ozone on human life
  • Explain the importance of maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide concentratio
  • Explain the following terms: green-house effect, global warming, photochemical s
  • Discuss the effects of the products of combustion of hydrocarbon-based fuels
  • Explain how the atmospheric concentrations of the oxides of nitrogen may be alte
  • Discuss methods of control and prevention of atmospheric pollution
  • Distinguish among the terms reduce, reuse, recycle
  • Describe the processes involved in waste reduction
  • Assess the impact of solid wastes on the terrestrial environment
Completion rules
  • All units must be completed
Back